(1938–2024) – a prose writer, playwright, essayist and literary translator, son of Catholic activist and journalist Konstanty Łubieński. He made his debut as a…
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The Book Institute offers translations of excerpts Zbigniew Herbert’s works in the following languages: Arabic, Bosnian, Chinese, Croatian, Italian and Persian. Interested parties are kindly invited to contact us.
(1924-1998) – poet and essayist, author of plays and audio dramas, an extremely prolific writer, mentioned among Nobel Prize candidates.
Born in Lviv. That was where he went to school; during World War II he continued his education at clandestine classes, and received his school-leaving diploma in 1944. In the same year he started a course in Polish studies at the clandestine John Casimir University. After moving to Cracow, he studied law and economics.
He published his first article in the Szczecin weekly “Tygodnik Wybrzeża” in 1948. A year later he graduated in law at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, where he then started to study philosophy, mentored by professor Henryk Elzenberg. At that time Herbert divided his time between studying and literary work. He published in magazines such as “Słowo Powszechne” and “Dziś i Jutro”, which included his debut poems “Napis” (Inscription), “Pożegnanie września” (Farewell to September) and “Złoty środek” (The Golden Mean), and many reviews and essays. Later he also wrote for “Twórczość” and “Tygodnik Powszechny”. His debut poetry volume “Struna światła” (Chord of Light) did not come out until 1956 – the year of a political thaw and literature’s departure from socialist realism.
The keys to understanding Herbert’s poetry are the categories of dispossession, irony and faithfulness. His poems are an attempt to revive tradition as the axiological foundation of individual life. The lyrical parables juxtapose the image of modern man’s moral vacuity and aimlessness with the ethical code of figures from Mediterranean culture, “the defenders of the kingdom without limit and the city of ashes” (translation by Bogdana and John Carpenter).
Mr. Cogito, the protagonist of the famous 1974 poetry volume Mr Cogito and many subsequent works, personifies the conflict between a sense of reality and the desire for glory. Irony complicates the ostensible simplicity and directness of Herbert’s poems, and at the same time is an artistic device and attitude towards existence. It also turns out to be a form of solidarity, as it offers humans liberation from platitudes, allows them to understand the world and live with dignity.
Herbert’s poetry bears traces of his biography: family memories, travel abroad. They are also given voice in the essayistic trilogy composed of “Barbarzyńca w ogrodzie” (published in English as Barbarian in the Garden), “Labirynt nad morzem” (published in English as The Labyrinth on the Sea: Essays), and “Martwa natura z wędzidłem” (published in English as Still Life with a Bridle: Essays and Apocryphas). The first is a collection of essays written after a scholarship in France and Italy. Herbert starts by discussing the Lascaux cave paintings, and goes on to describe the Doric temples of Paestum, the Roman Arles, Provence, Orvieto and Siena. The author himself wrote this about the texts included in the volume: “What do I consider this book to be? A collection of sketches. A travel report. The first is the real journey around cities, museums and ruins. The second – through books about the places visited. These two perspectives, or two methods, intertwine […] In the sketches I try to combine information and the direct impression, and include also the human background, the landscape, the mood and colour of places being described.”
The Labyrinth on the Sea was written after the author’s return from Greece, where he travelled to see classical art. It is about Etruscan civilisation and the Roman conquest of Europe. Still Life with a Bridle, in turn, guides the reader around 17th-century Holland, gripped with a passion for art collecting. Herbert concludes one of his essays thus: “A major part of contemporary art declares itself on the side of chaos, gesticulates in a void, or tells the story of its own barren soul. The old masters – all of them without exception – […] believed in the purposefulness of their work and the possibility of interhuman communication. […] Let such naivete be praised” (translation by John and Bogdana Carpenter).
Because in 1975 Herbert signed the Letter of 59 protesting against some proposed changes to the constitution, the communist censorship board barred him from publication. He spent the years 1975-81 abroad, and on returning to Poland he joined the underground journal “Zapis”, and his next volume of poetry, “Raport z oblężonego miasta” (published in English as Report from the Besieged City and Other Poems), was published outside of official circulation.
Herbert’s best-known play is “Jaskinia filozofów” (The Philosophers’ Cave), set in Athens during the time of Socrates; it shows the Greek thinker’s three final days. It was premiered at the Teatr Dramatyczny in Warsaw in 1961. Herbert also wrote audio dramas, for which he was awarded the Golden Microphone award in 1993.
He died in Warsaw in 1998.
He was posthumously honoured with the Order of the White Eagle. He also received many prizes, including the Kościelski Award (1964), the Nikolaus-Lenau-Preis (1965), The Herder Prize (1973), the Petrarca-Preis (1979), The PEN/Bruno Schulz Prize (1988), and the Kazimierz Wyka Award (1993).
2010 saw the creation of the Herbert Foundation, which started awarding a literary prize named after him in 2013. The Zbigniew Herbert Year was celebrated in 2008 and 2018. The World Zbigniew Herbert Year was celebrated in 2024, the poet’s centenary.
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